In Saudi Arabia, traditional events and cultural activities have developed in accordance with the seasonal changes of the climate against the backdrop of a dry desert climate. Below, the climatic characteristics and major seasonal events for spring, summer, autumn, and winter are explained.
Spring (March to May)
Climate Characteristics
- Temperature: During March, daytime temperatures range from 20 to 30°C, rising to 30 to 40°C in May.
- Precipitation: Very little, with only slight rain in some mountainous areas.
- Characteristics: Increase in dryness and strong winds (sandstorms).
Major Events and Culture
| Month |
Event |
Description and Relation to Climate |
| March |
Janadriyah Festival |
A national celebration of traditional culture and crafts. Outdoor exhibitions are held in mild temperatures. |
| April |
Start of Ramadan (Moving Holiday) |
The beginning of the month of fasting. Rituals may be conducted before the heat intensifies. |
| May |
Eid al-Fitr (Festival of Breaking the Fast) |
A festival marking the end of Ramadan. Outdoor prayers and family events are active in dry, clear weather. |
Summer (June to August)
Climate Characteristics
- Temperature: Continuation of extreme heat days with temperatures exceeding 45 to 50°C.
- Precipitation: Almost zero, with slight humidity increases along the coast.
- Characteristics: Intense heat and low humidity, with nighttime temperatures remaining above 30°C.
Major Events and Culture
| Month |
Event |
Description and Relation to Climate |
| June-July |
Hajj (Pilgrimage) |
The largest pilgrimage in Islam. Pilgrims complete their journey to Mecca in extreme heat. |
| July |
Eid al-Adha (Festival of Sacrifice) |
A festival coinciding with the end of Hajj. Sacrificial rituals take place outdoors in the early morning. |
| August |
Summer Leisure (Red Sea Resorts, etc.) |
Seeking coolness at seaside hotels and resorts. Nighttime is relatively comfortable, making night markets popular. |
Autumn (September to November)
Climate Characteristics
- Temperature: September still hovers around 40°C, gradually lowering to 25 to 30°C by November.
- Precipitation: Minimal rain (mainly in mountainous areas).
- Characteristics: Decrease in the frequency of sandstorms, creating a climate suitable for outdoor activities.
Major Events and Culture
| Month |
Event |
Description and Relation to Climate |
| September |
National Day (Founding Anniversary) |
September 23. Fireworks and parades are held nationwide in the beginning of cooler weather. |
| October |
Riyadh Season (Urban Festival) |
A variety of urban-level events in music, art, and sports. Comfortable climate encourages bustling night activities. |
| November |
Desert Marathon |
A endurance race running through the desert. The climate has become slightly cooler during the day, presenting a challenge for participants. |
Winter (December to February)
Climate Characteristics
- Temperature: Daytime temperatures range from 15 to 25°C, dropping to 5 to 10°C at night.
- Precipitation: Slight rain, mainly in the mountainous areas, from December to January.
- Characteristics: Dry, refreshing sunny weather, with cooling at night.
Major Events and Culture
| Month |
Event |
Description and Relation to Climate |
| December |
Camel Racing (Winter Festival) |
Held in northern and eastern desert areas. The cool climate allows for easy viewing and competitions. |
| January |
Saudi Literature Festival |
Literary events held in urban areas like the capital. Readings and lectures take place on cool nights in outdoor settings. |
| February |
Tabuk Festival |
A cultural festival in the northern Tabuk region. The comfortable climate allows traditional dances and markets to thrive. |
Summary of Seasonal Events and Their Relation to Climate
| Season |
Climate Characteristics |
Examples of Major Events |
| Spring |
Dry, windy, daytime temperatures 20-40°C |
Janadriyah, Start of Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr |
| Summer |
Extreme heat (45-50°C), low humidity |
Hajj, Eid al-Adha, coastal resort night markets |
| Autumn |
Still high temperatures but gradually easing (25-40°C) |
National Day, Riyadh Season, Desert Marathon |
| Winter |
Daytime temperatures 15-25°C, nighttime 5-10°C |
Camel Racing, Saudi Literature Festival, Tabuk Festival |
Additional Notes
- Due to the desert climate, precipitation is extremely low throughout the year.
- Festivals based on the Islamic calendar shift across seasons.
- Many events related to Bedouin culture revolve around nomadism, horse racing, and camels.
- Urban festivals in winter are increasing alongside urbanization.
In Saudi Arabia, the fusion of harsh climatic conditions with religion and tradition leads to a diverse array of cultural events throughout the year.
Sunny